Comparative Study of Common Vegetable Starches Essay Example for Free

Comparative Study of Common Vegetable Starches EssayABSTRACTThe purpose of this experiment is to be able to help the parliamentary law with its environmental issues by creating biodegradable plastic out of habitual vegetable amylumes. Here, the The procedures that the police detective use in this investigatory project were all experimental and were found on Scientific Method. The researcher use environment-friendly materials which can be made into biodegradable plastics that will not harm the environment and will not sum up to pollution paradoxs. Among thThe result was found that the product exhibited the desirable properties of a biodegradable plastic thus the product is completely biodegradable at disposal. The researcher conclude that among the different vegetable starches, _____________ starch is the just about effective raw material for the development of biodegradable plastics due to its availability in large quantity, its relatively low cost and its biodegradabi lity.INTRODUCTIONA. Background of the StudyThe ever unending problem of waste disposal specifically the non-biodegradable cardinal had contributed to the alarming worldwide problem of global warming. As an example, the experience storm surge of the island of Leyte due to increase of sea level, increase of water level among streets during heavy rain due to occlude drains, canals and sewerage. Using vegetable starches in developing biodegradable plastic is one big step to lessen, if not total eliminate, our global concerns. Generally, this study is conducted to replace the established non-biodegradable plastics to a more friendly biodegradable plastics using different vegetable starches. The cassava root is long and tapered, with a firm, homogeneous flesh encased in a detachable rind, about 1mm thick, rough and brown on the outside.Commercial varieties can be 5 to 10 cm in diameter at the top, and around 15 cm to 30 cm long. A woody cordon runs along the grow axis. The flesh can be chalk-white or yellowish. Cassava roots are very rich in starch, and contain significant amounts of calcium (50 mg/100g), phosphorus (40 mg/100g) and vitamin C (25 mg/100g). However, they are poor in protein and other nutrients. In contrast, cassava leaves are a good source of protein, and are rich in the amino acid lysine, though deficient in methionine and possibly tryptophan. These components are components of biodegradable plastic.The squashThe seraphic potatoB. Significance of the StudyOnce one of these vegetable starches known, this study will be very essential in the production of biodegradable plastics, which can lessen the tremendous piled up non-biodegradable garbages made by plastics thereby reducing harmto our environment.C. Statement of the puzzleThe problem is to compare which among the different vegetables squash, sweet potato and cassava, which are rich in starch will be an effective component for biodegradable plastic.D. openingCassava starch is the most effect ive component for biodegradable plastic.E. Scope and limitationsThis study will be foc apply on the comparison of the three common vegetables, namely, the squash, principal variable of this project is the cassava starch. The locale of this project is it could help save the environment and reduce use of plastic that takes a lot of years to degrade.REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATUREThe word plastic came from the Greek word plastikos, meaning capable of being molded. Plastics can be as hard as metal or as soft as silk. They can take any shape in almost any form due to the versatility of the carbon, the most common backbone of polymer chains. Plastics can be conveniently divided into two categories semi-synthetic, in which the basic chain structure is derived from a instinctive product, such as cellulose and synthetic, which is built up chemically from small units or monomers. Despite the various applications of plastics, drawbacks have been encountered in three major points. Firstly, there are certain chemicals used in the manufacture of .plastics that may cause allergic reactions. Three is a need man from these threat. Secondly, since cellulose films are biodegradable they are readily attacked by bacteria. Films and promotional material materials from synthetic polymers are normally attacked at a very low rate. New polymers such is nylon, polyvinyl chloride and Polystyrene have replaced cellulose, the pioneer plastic material. As a result, these plastic materials have become permanent wastes.There are various methods in making biodegradable plastics. The simplest is the production of plastic from the extraction of casein from milk. Casein is obtained in two ways by souring, with the use of lactic acid, arid by boiling together with an additive, such as acetic acid.Starch is a natural organic polymer manufactured by green prepares through photosynthesis s to serve as metabolic reserve It occurs in the form of grains in many part of the plant, principally in embryo nic tissues such as seeds, fruits, roots and tubers.Polyvinyl alcohol is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, thermoplastic synthetic resin. It is usually used for grease-proofing paper, in adhesives, in gas- and oil-impervious films and Coatings. This substance, although fat-soluble in water, is insoluble in Common organic solvents.Glycerol is the simplest trihydric alcohol. In commercial form, it is called glycerin. It is a colorless odorless and viscous liquid with a sweet taste. It is completely soluble in water and alcohol but is only slightly soluble in many common solvents, such as ether, ethyl group acetate and dioxane. It is widely used in coatings and paints, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.Plastic production is relatively new technology. Experiments are being conducted to relieve the negative effects of overproducing plastics. By ever-changing its raw materials and additives, commercial plastic may be improved so that it will become degradable while retaining its good qualit y. Cassava (Manihot esculenta), in standardized manner called manioc, tapioca or yuca, is one of the most important food crops in the humid tropics, being particularly suited to conditions of low nutrient availability and able to survive drought (Burrell, 2003). The plant grows to a height of 1 to 3 m and several roots may be found on each plant. Although cassava leaves are sometimes consumed, the major harvested organ is the tuber, which is actually a swollen root.The plant is propagated mostly from stem cuttings. A major limitation of cassava production is the rapid post-harvest adulteration of its roots which usually prevents their storage in the fresh state for more than a few days (Okezie and Kosikowski, 1982). Cassava ranks very high among crops that convert the superior amount of solar energy into soluble carbohydrates per unit of area. Among the starchy staples, cassava gives a carbohydrate production which is about 40% higher than rice and 25% more than maize, with the result that cassava is the cheapest source of calories for both human nutrition and animal feeding. A typical composition of the cassava root ismoisture (70%), starch (24%), fiber (2%), protein (1%) and other substances including minerals (3%) Compared to other crops, cassava excels under suboptimal conditions, offering the possibility of using marginal land to increase total agricultural production (Cock, 1982). methodologyCassava Tubers were ground and squeezed to extract its starch. Starch obtained was weighed and divided into three equal parts 50 grams in trial 1, trial 2 and trial 3. T1, T2 and T3 also consisted of 50 ml Polyester resin and increasing variations of Polymer MEKP Hardener 50 grams for T1, 100 grams for T2 and 150 grams in T3. The components in every treatment or trial were mixed, stirred and accordingly poured in 3 different shirts with Petroleum Jelly and then sun-dried. afterwardswards, different methods were used to test the effectivity of the plastic. T1, T 2 and T3 were sun-dried but they did not look like a plastic at all. The researchers observed the product while waiting for it to dry but there were no signs of turning into a plastic.The Cassava starch was too thick and the researchers realized that it would not turn into a plastic because of its heavy weight and it would take more time before it would dry because of its thickness. After letting T1, T2 and T3 dry under the sun, it became hard. Although the researchers had unexpected results and the Cassava starch did not turn into plastic, studies have already proven that Cassava starch could be used for making various types of packaging products. Cassava is a promising raw material for the development of biodegradable plastics.

Statistical Analysis Paper Essay Example for Free

Statistical Analysis Paper EssayThe article was a cross- sectional, non- experimental case contract of social proles perceptions of bullies at the workplace and the social workers ability to create manage responses to workplace bullying. To collect quantitative information a mail questionnaire was gathered, and individuals semi-structured interviews were assessed. The soft sample included 111 male and female social workers from Washington D.C. the final outcome result were three to five social workers reported that he or she were recipients of rude, unpleasant, and unfavorable workplace environmental interactions within a year. The bullies targets generally worked in military and mental health outpatient organizations or government agencies. About 35% of the targets held a discreet service role, and 29% held a management or administration role. The results outcome from the study cand evidence that in the social working profession the agencies and organizations need guidelin es or tools to help discover, confront, and stop bullying behaviors in the workplace ( Whitaker, T., 2012).See more how to write an analysis of a research paperStatistical Analysis in the ArticleThe article incorporates tables, descriptive statistics that helps with the understanding of the data, it also provides five tables of illustrations. Table one is about the demographic characteristics of the targets of the workplace bullies, it displays the characteristics of social workers ranging by age, gender, and demographics (Whitaker, T., 2012). Table two is about organizational settings and roles of target, it displayed supervisors, colleagues, subordinates, and clients were all identified as bullies. It showed that women were more than twice as likely (65%) to be identified as bullies as were men 33% (Whitaker, T., 2012). Table three is about the nigh troubling bullying behaviors, showing that verbally, and covertly hostileactions were the most troubling bullying behaviors in the workplace.In addition, being treated with disrespect and having work de-valued as the hardest aspects of being bullied at the workplace. Table four was the summary characteristics of bullies, the study showed characteristics were either passive or assertive by the coping scale. The passive behavior ranging score of 24 and assertive score of 60. The median and mean advance were 42.5, and a multiple modal score. The last table, which was five was the classification of Reponses to the coping scale as passive or assertive coded in the same manner the table explained coping strategies and responses (Whitaker, T., 2012).Descriptive Statistics and Inferential StatisticsIn the article several questions were asked in a questionnaire. The more passive the response, the lower the value assigned to it, the more assertive the response, the higher the value was assigned to it. The targets had a range of coping strategies, the biggest response strategy was talking about the bullying with someon e he or she trusted, 93% used this strategy more than once, 66% used the strategy of confronting the person more than once. However, only 17% used formal complaint (Whitaker, T., 2012). The data supported the research problem of workplace bullying. It was noteworthy and explained that three out of five social workers were recipients of rude, unpleasant, and unfavorable workplace environmental interactions. However, the article did not provide inferential statistics. The data was collected through questionnaire and based on actual results to determine the statistics (Whitaker, T., 2012).ConclusionIn conclusion, this article explored the retires of workplace bullying of social workers and the coping responses, it included a number of concerned issues for the social working profession. Among these issues included the characteristics of workplace bullies, and coping Reponses. The article suggests that workplace bullying is a serious issue for social workers and needs to create guidelin es and tools to help stop bullying behaviors (Whitaker, T., 2012).ReferencesWhitaker, T. (2012). Social workers and workplace bullying Perceptions, responses and implications. Work, 42(1), 115-123.

Midaq Alley, Naguib Mahfouz | Character Analysis

Midaq Alley, Naguib Mahfouz Character AnalysisMidaq Alley, a novel written by Mahfouz, tells us the story of contrasting characters living in a distressing road in Egypt during World War II, a period of change for Egypt when under British rule. The reader finds the emphasis on change experienced by the arrival of foreigners to Egypt is best drawn by the women in the e rattling last(predicate)ey, specifically through the patchner Hamida, a character who wants to break through the boundaries set by society. Mahfouz shows the change in Midaq Alley through Hamida and her actions by characterization and by contrasting Hamida to others in the pathway, normally the older generation. Mahfouz use of Hamida shows change in all aspects of Egyptian life including religion, monetary and tailoreds dutys.Mahfouz creates Hamida to be such a rebellious and strong- bequeathed character that he shows the changes and differences amidst the tralatitious and the new. Hamida was born in a poo r alley in Cairo and has devoted her life towards twain objectives, gold and freedom. Hamida is a character who will do what she can to better her opportunities to be free from the tralatitious bonds set by the religious society in which she lives in and to gain more wealth. She has no fear in showing her aggressive behaviour and plans on marrying a successful man who can take her place of the poor alley. Hamida is non afraid to bend cultural traditions if it means making more money as is the case when she becomes a prostitute. Characterization is an important technique employ by Mahfouz in his novel. No character stands out as much as Hamida. Mahfouz writes that when she set her delicate lips and narrowed her eyes, she could take on an appearance of strength and determination which was most unfeminine. (24) Gender roles is an important theme in the novel. Females hold the traditional roles of house deeming and taking c ar of children. stock-still Hamida wants freedom and e scape from tradition because of this she is considered unfeminine. Her actions and physical descriptions suggest being unfeminine. Throughout the novel, Mahfouz repeats Hamidas unfeminine qualities like when he writes peradventure the most comm single said thing about her was that she hated children and that this unnatural trait made her wild and lacking in the virtues of femininity. (40). The reader is shown the contrast between the traditional women, who takes care of children, and Hamida who hates children.Mahfouz uses characterization of Hamida and dialogue to show change in perception of good deal in the alley, specifically the contrast between the old and late generations. Hamida is the main character who stands out for her desire to escape tradition and social status. Mahfouz shows through dialogue Hamidas jealousy of women who are free from traditional bonds. She tells her mother, You should just debate those Jewish girls who go to work. They all go about in nice clothes . Well, what is the point of life then if we cant wear what we want? (Mahfouz 27). For Hamida, money and turn are the most important thing simply because she views it as a form of gaining freedom. Hamida wished the wealthy Sheikh Darwish would be her husband merely only because he was wealthy. Hamida expected herself whether it would be too mean for Darwish to give her ten thousand pounds. Money is clearly the main thought in Hamidas mind. The thought is not uncommon amongst the junior generations and ambition is a very important theme in the novel that is intertwined with money. Both Hussain and Abbas join the British army for money.Mahfouz shows Hamidas yearning for independence through her actions that are considered antithetical to society. Later on in the book, Hamida eventually agrees to marry Abbas, a neighbourhood barber who she really does not care for, but she believes is her way out of her mothers household. Not only is he poor, he is a failure in Hamidas eyes. Hamid a wanted to break that cycle of sacrificing her own personalized happiness, she was already independent by taking walks on her own during a time when Muslim could not do so. She listened to Abbas when he says, I am going to work for the British phalanx and I might be as successful as your brother Hussain (85) Abbas leaves Midaq Alley to join other local residents enrolling in the British army. M any(prenominal) Egyptians benefited from the war. The heraldic bearing of troops brought many a(prenominal) jobs. Hamida as a result gives Abbas a misadventure because he could succeed, but, keeps an open eye for other wealthier suitors that could suit her wants.The author shows us how Hamida deals with tradition and marriage threw characterization and dialogue. Hamida searches for marriage that will bring her wealth. When Abbas promised that he would make money from the army she was more reluctant to accept his proposal. However money is all that Hamida wants and when the wealthy Sali m Alwan took interest in Hamida she quickly forgot about accepting Abbas proposal to marriage. Mahfouz shows Hamida for embark onting Abbas through imagery of her eyes and heart. Hamidas heart beat furiously and her eyes show so that their whites flashed.(142) Mahfouz description of the heart makes the reader feel Hamidas thoughts are only in the present and not the past because when the heart beats fast it is usually do to a reaction that presently occurred. Mahfouz also shows Hamidas blindness when he describes the whites(142) of Hamidas eyes flashed(142). Hamida is blinded by greed and she doesnt care for Abbas. For Hamida, Salim was at last the man who could give her all the luxury and freedom she prayed for. Mahfouz shows through listing and repeating Hamidas view of marriage. The greedy Hamida believes that marrying a wealthy man would bring her dignity, beautiful clothes, jewellery, pride, and a whole new world of secure and happy people. (142). Hamida is willing to break tra dition and her marriage to Abbas for the wealthy Salim. The repetition of beautiful clothing and jewellery by Mahfouz, throughout his novel, suggest that Hamida wanting to change since she has ragged clothing. Wearing beautiful clothing to Hamida is a sign of freedom because clothing expresses an single(a) especially when that individual can chose what to wear. When Umm Hamida asks Have you forgotten that you are engaged? And that I confirmed it by reading the Quran with Abbas? Hamida shouted in full, angry scorn, that barber. Mahfouz shows that Hamida does not care for Abbas despite the fact that he truly cares for her. Mahfouz shows the reader that marriage in Egypt is about transactions and gaining money not about true recognize as it should be. Hamida tells her mother He must go. She only wants to succeed in life. Hamida would be violating the Quran because she has already committed herself to Abbas. Mahfouz shows the importance of religion in the alley when Umm Hamida tells h er daughter that punishment for violating the Quran is harsh (146). Hamida, a rebellious character, does not allow anything to interfere with her happiness.Mahfouz shows through Hamida how the change in society has affected her and others. Hamidas panderer Ibrahim Faraj advises her how to be more attractive to his clients. She agrees to be called Titi from now on, a name that will amuse Englishmen and Americans and one which their twisted tongues can easily pronounce. (217) Hamida recognised this change and everything else that goes with it. Mahfouz shows through similie all that Hamida will give up in order to gain money. She realized that he considered her name, like her old clothes, as something to be discarded and forgotten. (216) Hamida is willing to give up her own name so she can gain wealth and beautiful clothes. Ibrahim provides his whores with English teachers telling them I keep telling them that they cant learn a language just by memorizing words and phrases. (221) The fact that the prostitutes need to learn English for their job shows the rise of multiculturalism in the Middle East as foreign languages make their way into society. Eventually when Abbas discovers Hamida with British troops at a local tavern, he allows all the despair he has suffered to explode. He throws an empty beer glasses at her face and the troops murder him. The irony is that Hamida returns to the alley and once again keeps to the original way of life.To pause Mahfouz use of Hamida shows change in the alley because Hamida as a character does not follow traditions. She breaks the commitment to Abbas despite confirming with the Quran. She is void of feminine features with her fierce nature and her greed for wealth. Her need to be free encourages her unfeminine nature and was something common during the 20th century when females had to take up male jobs when the men were struggle in World War II. Females as a result gained more freedom on the global scale just as Hamida wish ed to gain.Research investigation of a problemResearch Investigation of a problem4.1 IntroductionThe process of finding a solvent to a problem after a thorough study and analysis of the situational f means is known as research (Sekaran-2000). This implies that research is an organized and systematic investigation of a problem. In a research, thither are miscellaneous methods, techniques and instruments been use to gather the information. After gathering the informations, those informations need to be analyzed and evaluated align with the research aim to recommend a solution for the problem.This chapter outline the various research designs and methods been used in this research.4.2 Research PhilosophyDuring choosing the research methodological analysis, the researcher needs to adopt one which aligns with the research objective. Research philosophical system mainly depends on how the researcher wants to carry out the research. The researcher can use multiple approaches to find ou t the best possible answer from the various dimensions. Saunder et al. (2003) approach appear reasonably logical as they compare research process with an onion layer and arguing about distinct layers. The onion shows on that point are third research philosophies.Research process onionSource Saunders et al (2003, p 83) accord to Saunders et al. (2003) research process onion, there are three types of research philosophies. They are Positivism, Interpretevism and Realism. Comprehensive analysis of all the philosophies been carried out by the researcher to selecting the most suitable methodology for this research.4.2.1 Positivism match to Saunders et al. (2003), The researcher in this tradition assumes the role of an objective analyst, coolly making detached interpretations about those entropy that grow been roll up in apparently value free manner. This methodology is mostly carried through observation and focus on lightly structure methodology. The result of this philosophy is totally based on the real fact and poised data rather than just interpretation of different opinions.4.2.2 Interpretivism This method of research philosophy is based on the ways, people think about various aspects of a particular(prenominal) topic. As different people analyze the homogeneous thing in different ways, the researcher can gain the different view of the particular topic.4.2.3 Realism Saunders et al. (2003) Realism is based on the belief that a reality exists that is independent of human thoughts and beliefs. It implies that, there could be forces on factors that could affect people and it does not effect whether the person aware about the presence of the factor or not.Saunders et al. (2003) claimed that, often business and management research is a mixture of positivism and interpretivism and study the attitude of realism. It shows researcher(s) show not bound one self to just one type of research philosophy. For this research, the researcher use realism and interpr etivism research philosophy and these were considered most appropriate by the researcher, though positivism approach was also used to get an unbiased result.4.3 Research ApproachSaunders et al. (2003) showed, there are two types of research approaches. They are Inductivism approach and Deductive approach.4.3.1 Inductivism approachIn this approach the researcher need to develop own theory after data hookup and analyze those data. It is important for the researcher (s) to know the previous work in the same field.4.3.2 Deductive approachis such an approach where the researcher(s) need to create a theoretical model and framework and try relating with the relevant discipline and finally collecting the data to test the created model or framework whether it match the researcher (s) expectation or not.For this research, the researcher used inductive approach of research due to the limited time scale. The researcher tried to develop an own theory, collected data through different data coll ecting method (questionnaire, reference and observation) and also tried to find out any previous research on the same field, though there were several on the same topic but none were done in the same organization.4.4 Access to the dataAs a previous employer, the researcher explains the benefits, nature and the process of the research to several managers and enrollment officers. The researcher formally invites them to participate in the interview and fill up the questionnaires with the employers.The researcher used existing contacts st prescribegy to gaining access to the organization.4.5 SamplingAccording to the Jankowicz (2000), Sampling is the deliberate choice of the number of people who are to provide you with the data from which you will draw conclusions about some larger group whom those people represent. It means that, sampling is a segment from a large group of people who will provide the data on behalf of the whole group.As the population using to identify the practices an d the major elements of recruitment and selection process at Grameen earpiece and examine the effectiveness of the recruitment and selection methods used by Grameen Phone. The researcher chooses several Grameen Phone managers and enrollment officers as sample group for this research. Due to get the different view of the topic the researcher include HR Executives into this research as the managers may only think about the organizations point of view.Figure 4 Total numbers of the samples for this research (%)Total population sizing for this research was 125. However a Total number of 97 respondents including 72 HR Executives, 18 training and development officers, 5 Selection and Recruitment Officer, 1 Deputy Manager and 1 HR manager are in sample size for the questionnaire from the Grameen Phone. Sample size was cut down to 97 from 125 populations due to their different time shifts of work and incomplete questionnaires. 3 Selection and Recruitment Officers and 2 Training and Developm ent Officers were the sample size for the swindle structured interview. The researcher followed the simple random sampling process to run the questionnaire.4.5 Source of information on that point are two sources of information, these are primary and secondary winding sources and the data gathered through those resources are called primary data and secondary data.4.5.1 Secondary informationAnderson (2004) describes secondary data as Data which has been generated else where for other purpose. It implies that, secondary data is the data which is already exist and gathered by some other people for different reasons. This type data include both raw data published summaries.Secondary data were mostly used by the researcher in the publications review to gain an in depth knowledge and to get a clear understanding of the subject area. Gathering the secondary data is time go through and time effective for the researcher as most of the findings from previous researches already existed in form of books and journals etc. Moreover, as existing high quality data collected and analyzed by following well accomplished procedures, the reliability and rigor of the secondary data remains high. Stewart and Kamins (1993) said, secondary data are in all likelihood to be higher quality data than gather by the researcher himself.4.5.2 Primary Dataaccording to Anderson (2004), Primary data is information that is collected by the researcher, usually for the purpose of particular research project. It means that, for any specific project when the researcher collects data are known as primary data.To discover a great acceptability and to find the best possible result of this research, researcher used both primary and secondary data.4.6 Research DesignAccording to Smith et al (2003), a research design is organizing research activity, including the collection of data, in ways that are most likely to achieve the research aims. Data can be collected by using numeric techniques or qual itative techniques. Both the qualitative and valued methods been employed to carry out this research.4.6.1 quantifiable TechniqueAccording to Hair et al. (2003) said, Quantitative data are mea authorizedments in which numbers are used directly to represent the properties of something. Babbie (1992) describes the quantitative research as the numerical representation and manipulation of observations for the purpose of describing and explaining the phenomena that those observations reflect. It implies that in quantitative technique researchers observation and finding are present through numerical form.Generally quantitative technique focus to measure the phenomena. By using this technique, researcher will get the result in numerical or statistical form. Responses in quantitative method are not as explanatory as qualitative method. Quantitative method are often most appropriate for conducting needs assessments or for evaluations comparing outcomes with baseline data.Finally Denzin and Lincoln (1994) said that, quantitative studies emphasize the measurement and analysis of causal relationships between variables, not process.4.6.2 Qualitative TechniqueAccording to Mason (1996), qualitative research usually does use some form of quantification, but statistical forms of analysis are not seen as central and should be conducted as an ethical practice. It implies that the research involves more peoples understandings and interactions. Though qualitative research is not always appropriate for every research problems and there is more chance of sacrifice scope for detail..Mariampoliski (2001) said, Qualitative technique provide competitive tool for advancing the state of knowledge and pushing insights. This type of data can beat through interview or observation. This method can be expensive and could large time to finish the process. This technique is used when the researcher wants to understand any phenomena in a descriptive way rather than any numerical figure. Due t o its exploratory nature, this technique tries to describe, decode and translate any phenomena.Mixed methods were used in this research. Cresswell (1994) also said, researchers should make the most efficient use of both paradigms in understanding social phenomena.A positive approach for data collection in the Questionnaires was carried out with both for lower level employees and members of management officer.Semi structured (face to face) interviews were carried out with 3 HR Managers and, Recruitment and Selection Officer of different GP Center.Four interview observations were done by the researcher as well.This study is designed in such ways that helps in collecting incumbent data for confirming or contradict the above mentioned hypothesis.4.7 QuestionnaireAccording to DeVaus (1991), A questionnaire is a data collection tool, which requires each research participant to respond to the same set of questions in a pre-determined order. It implies that all the respondents answer the same questions by themselves and the researcher make sequences of the question previously as per requirement to gather data.The questionnaire was structured with questions based on both employer and employees perception about the existing recruitment and selection process are used by Grameen Phone and their effectiveness. The questionnaires were distributed to both employer and employees at several GP customer care branches. The questionnaire was standardized without any kind of bias from the researcher and was logical. The researcher try not to design the questionnaire too long and complicated as the respondents might feel bore or misunderstand the questions. To prevent the respondents from any misunderstanding, clear instructions were given in the questionnaire.According to Saunders et al (2003), the use of questionnaires to survey a sizeable population is a exceedingly economical way of collecting data in a relatively brief time, and therefore a popular and common data collecti on method in business and management research. Data collection through this method is time consuming and there is a scope that respondents can express their thoughts. On the other hand, low response rate is the big disadvantage of this method, as this rate may affect the validity of the result. Oppenheim (1986) said, there is no opportunity for additional explanations and Bell (1999) said poor questionnaires result in poor answers.4.8 Semi structured InterviewSemi structured interview help interviewees to express their thoughts and concern freely. According to Saunders et al. (2003), interview is a good instrument for collecting valid and sure information relevant to research objective. This type of interview helps the managers to display their concern about the existing recruitment and selection process of Grameen Phone.In this study, interviews carried out were semi structured in nature, contained few numbers of open ended questions were asked. Interviewees been given enough space and time to elaborate the answers and the interviewer can identify the meaning puke the replies. Time and the length of the interview were taken into account to prevent the interviewee from being carried away from the interview.4.9 ObservationAccording to Cooper and Schindler (2003), Observation alone can spellbind the whole event as it occurs in its natural environment. It means that observation is a systematic, proper controlled and scientific method of data collection. This method has high validity in research conducting.There is less possibility in this method that participants ideas would be influence the data since there is no interaction between the perceiver and the participants. Data can be gathered in real time through this method. However, Collins and Hussey (2003) said, there are some drawbacks of this method like ethics, visibility, prohibition in the use of technology are major and for large sample group observational studies are difficult. Moreover, accuracy of the data collection depends on the acquirement of the sightr.For this research, the researcher observed several different recruitment interviews of employers at Grameen Phone. In most cases, participants were informed by the manager that the researcher would be present during the interview to gain some practical knowledge regarding recruitment interview, hence,the collected data were not influenced by the researchers presence.4.10 Ethical IssueSaunders et al. (2003) said, ethical issues to be anticipated and right during the research design stage. Researcher need to be cautious about his / her own action and those affected by it during the research.In this research, the researcher try to repeal any kind of bias during prepare the questionnaire. Both open and close ended questions were asked. Open ended questions gave the researcher chance to gain an insight of the provided answers, however due to their ambiguity nature qualitative answers are not easily evaluated. During the interview observation stage, the researcher was not allowed to use any recording gizmo by the Enrollment Officer to ensure the organizational privacy. However, the researcher was allowed to take notes.Privacy of the respondents and the organization is another ethical issue. According to Robson (1993), The researcher needs to observe certain privacy rights for those who become subjects of the research. To protect their employment relation, the employers completing questionnaire need privacy. Those who did not want to be a part of the research, their refusal were accepted.The researcher had to make sure all the information received will kept anonymous to protect the confidentiality. Before gathering the secondary data, the originality of the sources were double checked by the researcher.4.11 Reliability and stiffnessRobson (1993) said, Subject error is an issue of reliability and this happens as a result of carrying out questionnaires on employers at different times can lead to dif ferent results. It implies that, if the researcher gets different results in different time by using the same questionnaire then the subject error could take place and that is a matter of reliability of the process. Saunders et al. (2003) said, reliability can be measured based on the similarities between the results taken by different occasions and by different researchers. If the results are similar, the research is reliable.Again, Robson (1993) said, Reliability of the research can be measured by how accurate the researcher is with the actual findings. For this research, the researcher used various sources of evidence which have been documented and it was essential for the researcher to achieve both reliable and valid result.What Do We Mean By political Authority?What Do We Mean By Political Authority?INTRODUCTIONPolitical causality or free causality is exercised through a man or an assembly of men. Commonly, we recognize that its relegation is to ensure social cohesion and t he development of the prosperity of the State. This is possible under the condition that its means is established and maintained. If the State had no recognized way, it would not have power and could not fulfil its mission it would not rise above other forms of power. It would not exist.If all political power supposes authority, it is however not very clear to determine what can ensure this authority and therefore how to establish the base of the political power itself. We see that a State has always many rivalries. And who says rivalries, says conflicts to resolve before a higher court. Isnt the essence of power, to resolve conflicts? Does it only exist by the fact that it exercises a constraint? Our line of analysis will therefore be focusing on the consideration of power in its exercise. king is a term with a meaning that exceeds politics. It designates a capacity which is premium and that could eventually turn into act. Political power has a particularly important place, beca use it is a symbol of power in this world, a kind of temporal power, because it is highly coveted due to its rarity, because it is how men can express a will of supremacy through the domination of other men, and an insatiable desire for recognition, that of the egocentric and the tyrant.Political power is historically formed through a process by which it acquires an authority in the name of the people to whom it applies. However following the guarantee of authority that it receives, it has a different meaning. In other words one needs to understand how the power is legitimised. Let us therefore analyse the different factors of political power legitimisation.TRADITIONTradition was once, and still is in some remote areas of this world, the sufficient guarantee of the authority. In a traditional society or sheer(a) monarchy, the social and political powers are b channeled. The Chief or the King embodies the main political powers be it legislative, executive or judicial.This is not so much a question of person, but a sanctification of power that comes from the inertia of the habits and customs. It is the custom that requires that the chief passes its power to his son. It is the custom that requires that the heir becomes King, because it has always been done this way. It is the custom that says that it is just, so be it. A person who has a great respect for tradition does not alter the power of custom, but it perpetuates it. The strength of habits transforms in law what has always been practised until then.Traditional power is derived from customs. That is how a child is sacred King, by mere line of descent, without any other legitimisation of power than the one of the authority of the past, the seniority of the custom and traditions. The tradition has its own authority it is a reference to the memory of men because it carries values worth of high respect. Tradition confers the force of continuity to time.RELIGIONIn the same sense, religion, far from opposing thi s conservation of the past just adds its weight of authority to tradition. It gives the authority a sacred value it teaches that all authority comes from beau ideal and not from men. Disturbing tradition, means to attempt to a sacred order, undermining the sovereign person is a blasphemy. The traditional sovereign is here endowed with political power by taking on an aura of cult prestige. In the eyes of individuals in society, he is much more than a man. He embodies a miraculous power and it is this aura of sacred power that makes him respectable, not only the constraint that he exerts.The link between the subject and the sovereign is shadowed not only by a superstitious fear, but also by a respect for the sacred. We lend to the sovereign some magical powers, the same way we could lend them to religious prophets. Religion reassures people, it reinforces the established hierarchies, it does it so well that it tends to turn the established order into a sacred order, which cannot be changed without being considered a desecration of the established order.Like in traditional societies, the distinction between spiritual and temporal powers does not occur the sovereign has all of them imbedded in him. He is regarded as a leader and the representative of God on Earth. In this case again, tradition is the social factor that legitimizes power. However we shall note that tradition does not refer to a particular regime, but above all it refers to the trust and attachment of a people to a singular system.Nowadays and in the West, this form of power no longer seems to be at the forefront, as it could be the case in other continents. Nevertheless the power of tradition is considerable. It is at the same time the economy of the past and the force of continuity at the heart of evolution, while also having the character of maintaining a rigid straitjacket that endures practices sometimes morally controversial. The rigidity of traditions and their decomposition calls for the need of renewals.INDIVIDUALISMThe decline of the tradition, the rise of individualism witnessed during ultramodern times, has promoted another form of legitimization of power, namely the personal magnetism. Originally however, charisma had a religious sense it was the personal grace that God granted an elected, which gave him an extraordinary power. In the political sphere, the idea remains that some men are called to be heroes of history.Charisma is the power that emanates from the radiation syndrome of a personality. The charismatic power comes from the recognition by the peoples collective consciousness, of a politician persona, and enforces the idea that the personal will of a man can be identified with the will of the State, as if he could embody the spirit of a nation. In peoples mind, the power of a man becomes legitimate when after a revolution he is converted into a saviour, a chief, a supreme guide, a fhrer, a great leader, etc.The people saw in him an actor who has t he vocation to take in hand the reins of power in order to lead the nation towards a better future. The charismatic leader is meant to play a role on the stage of history. Through him, a nation feels like receiving a call from destiny. If power acquires then legitimacy, it is no longer due to habits and custom, or to the normal functioning of institutions, but it is for some psychological reasons, because it is perceived as symbolic through the figure of a charismatic leader. It is undeniable that this form of power has always existed. At all times, charismatic leaders such as Caesar, Lenin, Stalin, Mussolini, Hitler, Mao Tse Toug, Che Guevara, Fidel Castro, and even De Gaulle, have in common an incontestable charisma.First and first of all a politician is muscled by the strength of his character. An elector often votes for the man more than for his ideas. If the charisma is the important psychological factor for the legitimisation of power, one can ask however to what extent such an assumption can support itself. The fact that many voters vote more for a person than for his ideas is totally absurd. In practice, charisma is irrational. Power excessively personalised may be abusive, precisely because it is customised, while in reality it only achieves an impersonal function of the State.THE RULE OF LAW effective authority is based on a legitimisation of power resulting from the authority of the laws. It is the only factor of legitimisation that can be accepted in a rational manner. Power in the modern sense of our democracies, is regulated by a process of recognition provided by our institutions. It is the only one that corresponds to the democratic State and its ideals, where the citizen can rationally accept a power which he himself has delegated. The citizen rationally submits himself to laws that he considers right and valid for all. The legality is based on established rules that have been discussed and agreed upon.It implicitly assumes a social contract that everyone is able to recognize. Habits and custom are not justified, they simply repeat themselves, charisma imposes a personal will, but it only contains potency which is also a constraint, while laws are discussed, reasoned and voted. It does not compel the citizen it binds it, which is different, the approach is not coercive. Since the State has to neutralize violence, it can only do it rationally by using the authority of the laws. If the State exerts some kind of violence, it will have to justify in the name of the respect of the laws. The citizen can recognize the authority of the law and as a result, the use of force on behalf of the law. Max Weber admits that the State has the monopoly of legitimate violence.The political power that is at the base of the modern State is the power of the rule of law its legitimisation comes from the collective consent of accepted laws. This means that the governing body when performing its leading duties is not the possessor but only the trustee of the laws. Rousseau said that politics are a Minister of the people. This distinction cannot be marked in the legitimisation of the habits and custom and charisma, where, on the other hand, the sovereign is felt as the owner of the power. In addition, founded on a legal basis, a sovereign cannot use power to accommodate freely his personal wishes.However the existence of the traditional power and charisma shows us that we would be wrong to have an idea too rational of power. Political power is not a power, whose springs are fully rational nor is economical power. Legality is in principle a formal way that covers in reality the collective consciousness of a nation. What we can say is that the exercise of the power in our democracies is in the hands of institutions that are independent from the will, passions and interests of those who govern. Therefore, ideally, political power is in fact the expression of the superior general will of a nation. This power is legitimised by the authority of the establishment of rules and laws that have been voted by universal suffrage.

Apples Competitive Advantage

orchard apple trees Competitive Advantage apples since its inauguration brought an easy to use computers to the merchandise. So that users would not face any problems while using apple products. Apple practiced horizontal as well as vertical integration. Apple relied on its own designs and refused to authorize its ironware to trine parties. Apple used superior parcel which made help them to grebe the grocery share. Apple offered a complete package of desktop solution which includes hardware, software and other things. Apple always used typical design for its products. In the era of Spindlers (1993-1996), he opt the strategy to expand Apple products to international market.Apples competitive advantage are its control of software, Hardware, retail strategy, product differentiation and most important one is Steve Jobs strategically decision making. For the distribution system, Apple launched a website for get sales for the first time. Apple in addition spent more money on its Research and Development. Apples current competitive advantages can be linked to its sign competitive advantage because users now-a-days value the user feature just like when Mac was initially introduced (Bajg, 2012).Personal Computer Industry and dynamicsIBM brought PCs into mainstream in 1980s. Microsoft and Intel products henpecked the personal computer industry and more plenty owned their personal computer. Overall industry continued to boom through early 2000s. In 2000 and on wards PCs were very fast, have more memory and storage. But the prices of PCs continuously dropped. As a result, PC manufacturers average profit margin fell down. New PC emerged as well. Also more expensive laptops gained the attraction of the market. But as the price of PCs fell down, their sales volume increased. As thither is expansion of fruit so competition in the market also increased (Rich, 2012).Due to the increase in competition, prices of the products fell down and it provided consumers with more options. There are atomic number 23 categories of Pc buyers Home, Small and medium sized business, goernment and corporate education. The biggest segment is represented by home consumers. There are four main vendors of PC HP, Dell, Acer and Lenovo. There are two types of suppliers one who make product with many sources and other make products such as microprocessors and operating system (Aquino, 2012).By viewing the PC industry it can be said that dynamics are very favorable for the Apple. There are good signs for Apple receivable to certain minds. Competition is very high in today era and every company wants to provide best products or services so that guest can be retain. Mostly top four vendors are dealing with desktops and laptops. The preferred personal computers may no longer take the form of a desktop or laptop. Indeed a portion of the personal computer industry has already shifted their preference from a desktop or a laptop to a tablet or iPaD. There are many reaso ns for this change, including convenience and mobility. So there is chance for Apple to come up with new products and hex the market (Rich, 2012).Apple competitive position in Personal ComputersSince its inception, Apples mission is to bring as easy-to-use computer, difference in design elegance to market. Apple also practiced horizontal and vertical integration instead of open system. It relied only o its own designs ad also rejected to license its hardware to the third parties. When Sculleys was the CEO during 1985-1993, Apple targeted low cost computer. Apple also made an alliance with IBM for OS development on Intel platform, but that ended without any result. single of the Apple main strength is to offer its customers a complete desktop solution which is simply Plug and Play. Apple target market is now increasing. Because people want convenience and they need products which are easy in use (Bajg, 2012).The creation of Mac boasted Apple sales. And Mac customers allowed Apple t o sell its products at a premium price. During 1993-1996 Splinder made the strategy to expand Apple to international market but it did not help Apple in long term. Steve Job took over as CEO in 1997 and restructured company on the original strategy. Jobs also launched a website for direct sale and also he increased its spending on RD to get further knowledge about the products. Exhibit 3 shows Apples worldwide PC market share from 1980-2009. In 1980 Apple has the very high market share. But with the passage of time its market share started to decline. And during 1994 market share fell down substantially. When Steve Jobs joined the company again it started to increase gradually. Now Apple is gaining market share slowly (Rich, 2012).Apples Competitive positioning in MP3 playersIpod set Apple on the high growth path. Initially iPod was the portable digital medicinal drug Players based on the Mp3 standard. It has very good design, large storage and a simple user interface. Early MP3 pl ayers only stored hour music, can stored up to gravitational constant songs. But with the passage of time Apple launched new and innovative design one after another. In 2010, Apple has more than 70% of the MP3 market share. clear margin for IPod is around 40% in 2007. The cost of main component is flash memory which is more than half of the billing material. In MP3 market there are very less competitors for Apple so it will easy o gain more market share for Apple. So in MP3 market Apple performance is very good and it is increasing as Apple delivers innovative designs which are very attractive to the customers (Aquino, 2012).Apple Competitive position in Smart PhonesSteve Jobs launched the first iPhone and smart phone industry began. Apple smart phone Market share is high. More than 2 billion applications have been downloaded from the Apple iphone App Store. Apple mission is that iPhone gets better with every new app. Apple has just great job of continuously improving the iPhone w ith new features and capabilities. Also Steve Job did splendidly with I Tunes and iPod. And now he is doing it with it iPhones. Apple iPhone created a new class of phone. Apple invented the market and other mobile device maker is chasing Apple. The main competitors of Apple are Google Android, Nokia and Blackberry. Apple provides the best services in iPhones (Bajg, 2012).iPad and new iPad miniiPad is the mixture produced by Apple after lending iPhone and iPod technology. iPad is the best way to experience the web. It has revolutionized traditional ways of surfing the internet. It views whole pages in portrait or landscape on the screen of large multi-touch. Its also deals with checking e-mail and sending netmail as well. It is also worlds largest cookbook. Storage of iPad is very great and also it has large display. It is also easy to access different books from iPad. iPad is use in businesses, education, health and consumer usage. So iPad is very useful in different areas. And it s demand will be increasing in next days. As now a days consumer wants more convenience and mobility (Aquino, 2012).According to Rich (2012) iPad mini is a another amazing product launched by Apple. It has a smaller screen as compared to iPad. iPad is cheaper than iPad. Nd the reason for its cheapness is that it has no retina display. iPad mini is lighter and thinner than iPad. Also it has less powerful processor and it uses a nano SIM. It has fewer functions than iPad. But due to its size and thickness it is very easy to keep in the pocket. In future it will be very helpful for the people to some extent.

Symbolism Interpretation of Marriage Rites: Kom Marriage

Symbolism Interpretation of mating Rites Kom MarriageABSTRACTThis paper will take a look at kom traditional nuptials ceremony rites and the four stages the constitute the actual sum in Kom. It will begin by citing where Kom is determined, the various 8 satellite villages that made up the Kom nation, which be Achain, Akei, Baiso, Baicham, Bueni, Mbesinaku, Mbenkas and Mejang. How they perceived jointure, how marriage is practiced in this night club. This ethnographic work will also look at the four stages of marriage in this residential area which comprises of courtship, Si Lun Ibi ( to ask for Kola- which means ask the girls choke for marriage), Ndo Wi ( the house of the wife) and finally the actual traditional marriage which is the Ncha Wi ( the chains of the wife). During the course of collecting information I will take in to consideration the emblematical interpretation of marriage rites during the four stages of marriage particularly the use of imagery. The paper wil l also accent on the importance of marriage and the factors that prohibits marriage in this society. Lastly, the paper will look at the socio cultural developing of marriage in kom, trying to contrast the past and present marriage, the effect on the Kom tradition and its singles. Also the ways of over coming transgressors involved in this marriageTo effectively carry forbidden and communicate this ethnographic work, different sources and techniques will be used to collect and analyze the data respectively. Different subsidiary source will be efficiently utilized. As regards primary sources, field trips, interviews, direct observations, questionnaires and other methods used to carry out ethnographic research will be exploited, the use of native narration. Finally, data will be analysed with the use of both qualitative and quantitative techniques. Tables, percentages, charts and graphs will be used after sorting, classify analyzing and interpreting the data.INTRODUCTIONMarriag e in Kom is believed to be the oldest social body that has ever existed invented by small-arm. Marriage ceremony in Kom consuetude four stages and a series of rites, these rites are very symbolic in traditional marriage process.Marriage in kom begins with secret seeing between the boy and the girl until they energize decided to make it official for their families. The union of man and muliebrity in Kom compulsorily begins with introduction which is not a form of marriage besides the path to marriage this is the very first step which makes marriage as institution. A man or woman crumb obtain a prestigious traditional title when he/she is married. This goes alongside with three important aspects that go with marriage. Wain (a child), ifuonjini ( feed) iyamngvin (the jungle animal). These three Kom three fingers are very important each married couples lives in that a successful family must have children food and the head of the family must be strong to defend and protect and fen d for the family. While the woman must provide food take care of the children and be strong as the jungle animal to carryout her matrimonial duties.Marriage in Kom can either be polygamous or monogamous it depends on the individual concerned. Apart from the traditional marriage which comprises of three of import phrases of which families choose either to do all or just one, in that respect are also near other forms of marriages the civil marriage, and the religious marriages. These deuce other marriages are choices of families thus they are not of traditional importance to the Kom society. What can be defined as a marriage procedure is the marriage rite which plays an important role in marriage ceremony. With the absence of these rites the marriage procedure is considered fruitless. As time is way out by the Kom people have experienced evolution in marriage procedure and rites, that is why this paper will seek to find out eon marriage have evolved? What have caused the evolutio n? and the effect of it on traditional marriage rites and Kom tradition as a whole which the people see it as problematic to their culture.PROBLEM STATEMENTIn matrilineal societies the like kom bride-wealth is not transferred because the children belong to the wifes clan or lineage and will inherit from their mothers group the husbands heirs are his sisters children, and not his own children who instead inherit from his wifes brothers, their maternal uncles. In Kom tradition, the groom is asked to pay bride hurt in cash and in material form like the various drums of oil, meat fire wood and host of other subsidiaries. This huge demands scared many young men from marrying. Some migrate and work in the plantations for year to get the necessary items for marriage, this make most of them to marry late since they have to work for years to obtain what will be demanded from them by their prospering in laws.Another factor that hinders marriage is the cultural notion of witchcraft, the per iod given to the grooms family to wait, is usually the time the brides family consults a diviner to know the social accent of the groom. The things they always look for are witchcraft, murderer, illness like madness, and mysterious death. When any of these ills are entrap they proposal will be turned down. The fact that marriage at times is strategic it is a problem to these people because background survey must be done to accord marriage which means it is not junior-graded on love.Intercultural marriages are also a hindrance to marriage in Kom, parents do not allow their child to marry out of the tribe because some cultural ideologies. For compositors case daughters and male childs are no suppose to get married to Bayangi tribe this because the tribe is noted for sorcery. A kom daughter or son that does this, invites evil into the tribe thus some people remain unmarried because the only companion suitable for marriage is from this tribe.Forceful marriages also hinders to marri age, in this society people are forced to marry because of poverty. For example the familys only way to recover its investment in a daughter may be to have her married in exchange for a dowry. Some fathers forced their daughters into marriages with men wealthy enough to give cattle, goats and money in some cases the father owns the obligation to get a wife for his first son. Thus he forces his girl child to a man who will pay her bride wealth so that it can be transferred to his sons wife. The preference of the individual is considered insignificant, in this situation even if the marriage holds it does not last for long, the couple end up in devoice.Education brings around class segregation in the society, people who are educated go for educated partners for marriage .Those who suffer the w octad of this cultural practice are the females, and there is the problem of discrepancies in social values some parents, especially in Kom, prefer sending only their male children to school an d keeping the females at home. They wall that female educational activity is a bad investment, the educated female child would later grow up and marry into another family, and so all her education would only benefit her husband and her new family. With modernity these girls suffer a set back in marriage because they educated men go tone for learned women even out of the tribe. question QUESTIONTo what extent has the socio cultural evolution of marriage affected traditional marriage rites and Kom culture?With respect to this main research question the following specific questions can be asked.What is marriage to a Kom man?Why do people marry?Who is entitled to marriage?What age is one suppose to get married?Is marriage same today as the past?What are the changes?What are the causes of these changes?What are the impacts of these changes on marriage?OBJECTIVESTo answer the above questions, the following objectives shall be considered.Specific objectivesTo point out the evolution of traditional marriage rites from past to presentTo assess the effect of evolution on Kom cultureTo investigate the strategies they are using to maintain these ritesFinally to evaluate the positive effects of evolution in this institution of marriage.METHODOLOGYThis probe will be carried out in different parts of the eight satellites villages that make up the Kom kingdom.The methodology use will be divided into two parts data collection and data analysis.Data and Information CollectionData for ethnographic work will be collected from primary and secondary sourcesAcquisition of Secondary dataData will be collected from both published and unpublished secondary sources. They will include documents and relevant vane sites on the Internet. These documents will include textbooks, archives, dissertations thesis, journals, periodicals, magazine and native narratives.Acquisition of Primary DataThis will involve fieldwork. Fieldwork constitutes a major source of data in anthropological resear ch. That is field trips, interviews, direct observations and questionnaires. This will be in light to obtain information symbolic interpretation of marriage rites different parts of the eight villages. Approximately 130 people will be interviewed, random sampling methods will be used to interview those concerned. This will be accomplished by informal interviews and interaction with the main actors. Participant observation will not be lift out since this will help to get first hand information on how the marriage rites is being carried out. This information will be collected with respect to the social, cultural and historical perspective of the tribeData Analyses later collecting these data, it is going to be sorted, classified, canvass and interpreted. The data will be analysed with the use of both qualitative and quantitative techniques. Tables, percentages, charts and graphs will be used.DELINEATION RESEARCH DOMAINThematic Delineation of Research DomainMarriage is a social, relig ious and traditional legal union of individuals that creates kinship. It is the oldest institution which can be found in every gentle culture, although the forms and rules differ either polygamy, monogamy etc.All traditional marriages ceremonies have rites that give it a special grandeur. These rites are having symbolic meaning attached to the people of a particular culture. The word symbolic comes from the word symbol which can be anything such as objects, picture, sound, sign, mark, or any gesture that represents a different meaning, for example cam wood symbolises blood or danger and white stands for purity. Therefore, symbolism is the ironical representation of something that carries a particular meaning. Marriage rites are all symbols and meaning of different things in different cultural context.Evolution is simply the act of change from one stage to another for example the change of traditional marriage rite from past to present.Geographical and Socio-Cultural Delineation of Study AreaKom is one of 250 indigenous ethnic groups or tribe of Cameroon which is situated about is 50 miles from the North West capital of Bamenda. There almost 126,000 inhabitants with an area of about 300 square miles. Kom is found in Boyo division with its administrative capital Fundong. It has three sub divisions Belo, Njinikom and Bum. There are 8 satellites villages that make up this tribe Achain, Akei, Baiso, Baicham, Bueni, Mbesinaku, Mbenkas and Mejang. The people speak Itaing Ikom as their language it is the only unmatched tribe in the province that practice matrilineal line of descend where succession and marriage enthronement lies in the mother line.LITERATURE REVIEW handed-down marriage is a very interesting topic and has been of great concern to researchers and writers. They have tried to know what married is all about, those involved in married, the rites performed during traditional marriage that identify as members of that community, and the problems they face in married. They are also seeking to identify some proposed solutions to these problems. The works of these researchers or writers will be analyzed in regard to this ethnographic research work in the subsequent paragraph.According by the (Journal of Religion and Science Published 15 2005 2010 by the articulation publication Board of Zygon, rituals serves to express those cosmic beliefs not for the scientific purpose of explaining or controlling the cosmos but for the existential purpose of gift human beings a placein it. This journal points out that it expresses beliefs about society not only by keeping human beings in their social place but giving them a social place. The traditional rite perform during traditional marriage in Kom gives the couple concern a place in the society of Kom. It gives them the base to perfom other rituals within their marriage and out of the marriage unit also thus it gives them a wider place in the social unit in the society.(Jayaram V 2000-2010 Hinduweb site.com). He potrays the marriage rite perfom by the Hindu society during traditional wedding, the fire ceremony ( homam). The sacred fire is lit and the priests chant sacred mantras crack obligations to various gods to make marriage a succes and bless the couple. This is in line with the Komtraditional marriage rite where fire is the only objectthat lits the house when the bribe is being bnrought earlier to the would be family. This rite symbilse unity and love between the two families, to the Kom people is the source of food and food brings love and unity to families andthe society at big.(John ring 2000 ) in his writing states that marriage is a sacrament of marital love which finds its further expression in parents love for fruit of their sexuality. This was the case in Kom in the past, marriage was considered to be fruitful if their union was blessed with children. Today, this statement is far fetch people get married not because the want to get children but because they h ave some other particular strings attached to it for wealth and adventure. Thus children are not really important in marriage in kom as compare to the past. You can find a family without children, therefore marriage as a sacrament of marital love which finds its further expression in parents love for their sexuality is barely exist.(Kramers K Gthinji 2008 ) view point about traditional marriage , is a marriage between between a man and woman which is the most acceptable form of marriage in the society. To him traditional marriage conforms to the traditional culture and religion and this can be polygamy or monogamy. These marriage categories is cultural accepted by it depends on individual to chose which type of marriage to go in to. In Kom polygamy was the highly practiced marriage this was because a large family means wealth. Those who could not afford enough to go for many wives practiced monogamy. With the evolution of time and modernity,marriage in this society is monogamy peopl e hardly do go for polygamous marriages again.CONCLUSIONMarriage is a union between people and it is the oldest institution that has ever existed since from creation when God created man woman as husband and wife. Marriage should be based on love it should not be a trade where human beings are sold as commodities as the case of bride price, where men are tasked to pay higher bride price if the bride is educated. Some traditional rites should be modernised, traditional leaders should put a moderate price for bride price and a fixed amount of material goods for this purpose if only if the goods are of important to the marriage. Some rite should be kept out of the exposure of marriage. In a nut shell marriage rituals are good because they attaches a lot important to marriage, some of them are prayers for a fruitful marriage. The evolution of marriage its rite has played a very tremendous role in the Kom society both positively and negatively.REFERENCESCarol Ann Muller 1999 Rituals of Fertility and the grant of Desire. Nazarite Womens Performance in South Africa. Publishing House .the University of Chicago Press Chicago and London.J.L Comaroff 1980 The Meaning Of Marriage Payment.Linda.S Cordell, Stephen J. Beckerman 1980 The Versality of KinshipRoy Willis 1975 The Interpretation of Symbolism.S.E metalworker 2006 Marriage sometime(prenominal) and Present, Future?Pro Devisch Rennat 2008/2009 Course Document.Wayne Jackson July 28, 2004 As Designed by God.Goody, Jack, and S. J. Tambiah. 1973. Bride wealth and Dowry. Cambridge, U.K.Cambridge University Press.J. L. Cmaroff 1980 The Meaning of Marriage Payment.Kuper, Adam. 1982. Wives for Cattle Bride wealth and Marriage in southerly Africa.Meyer Fortes 1972 Marriage in the Tribal SocietiesSheila Ellison 2000 The courage to Be a Single Mother Becoming Whole Again after Divorce.S E Smith 2006 Marriage past, and present, future.Wayne Jackson, July 28 2004 Marriage As Designed by GodMaggie Gallagher, 2001 What is marria ge for? Public purposes or Marriage Law.

The Different Types of Aircraft Hazards and Support Equipment for ARFF

To generate a firefighter is not an easy job. To become an aircraft rescue and firefighter (ARFF) takes a special individual because of the unique level of duties it requires. There is a great deal of preparation and skills that ARFF personnel must spend a penny to move effectively to either aircraft accident or incident. Because of the extensive nature of emergencies that ARFF personnel may come across, they must be well trained to trade any of these circumstances (Jenkins, 2008). ARFF personnel are and have to be universal in a wide range of duties. ARFF personnel must have the perception and ability to handle fires, emergencies, and any other types of situations that they may encounter. Some other requirements for ARFF personnel to have may include an emergency medical technician (EMT) certificate or a paramedic license. ARFF personnel will likely encounter rescue, mass-casualty, fire fighting, and hazardous material operations (IFSTA, 2008). ARFF personnel are usu ally the first to act to an aircraft incident or accident and must be fully prepared to address any hazards or dangers at the scene. This paper will discuss the divers(prenominal) types of aircraft hazards and support equipment for ARFF personnel.The Different Types of Aircraft Hazards and Support Equipment for ARFF PersonnelThere are many types of aircraft hazards that ARFF personnel will encounter and/or must be familiar with at an airport. ARFF personnel must know and understand the different types of aircraft hazards. Aircraft accidents will have potential hazards that involve fluids, structures, and components which can all burn at high temperatures. ARFF personnel should always avoid inhalation or ingestion of smoke, fumes, and particles of a... ...y dangers and hazards during any emergency rescue and firefighting operation. ARFF personnel must be familiar with and know how to respond to any emergency. ARFF personnel have the skills from advanced training and experien ce to quickly respond to and rescue people from aircraft accidents or incidents. Technology has enhanced ARFF personnels capabilities and abilities to respond quicker during emergency rescue and firefighting operations. PPE and other safety equipment help protect ARFF personnel and must be worn at all times term performing any emergency rescue and firefighting operations. ARFF apparatus, support vehicles, and support equipment must be maintained and ready to support ARFF personnel during emergency rescue and firefighting operations. ARFF personnel has an extremely complex and universal profession which some people call a modern day hero.

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

In HarperLees book, To Kill A Mockingbird, there are many suits of racism. During this time in history racism wasacceptable. Racism is a key theme in her book. Not onlythose who were black, but also those who affiliated withblacks, were considered inferior. Atticus, a lawyer, whodefended blacks in court, was mocked. An example of thisis when Mrs. Dubose said, Your fathers Atticus nobetter than the niggers and trash he works for Mr. DolphusRaymond was also criticized for affiliating with blacks,especially black females. Example is when Jem said, Helikes em blacks better n he likes us whites, I reckon.Basically, you were black if you liked blacks. Blacks,because they were considered inferior, were expected to doeverything for whites. Everything had to be perfect, withoutexcuse. Even when Calpurnia, a Finch family friend, did notmake the perfect cup of coffee, she was mocked. harborexcerpt, She Calpurnia poured one tablespoon of coffeeinto it and filled the cup to the brim with milk. I Scoutthanked her by sticking out my tongue.... Even when blacksdid do good, they were still mocked. An example is when aunty Alexandra said, Jems growing up now and you aretoo. We decided that it would be best for you to have somefeminine influence. Even though Calpurnia was a female,aunt Alexandra over-looked this, because of her race.People were so biased, it didnt matter how good a job ablack person did. Since there was such strong racism inMaycomb, there were excuses made for whites. In thebook, it was obvious that Bob Ewell was a mean man. Itwas also obvious that he was abusive to his daughter,Mayella, and he was the one who violated her, not TomRobinson, because what the evidence showed. But, thepeople of Maycomb over-looked the evidence in favor ofTom Robinson, just because he was black. In Harper Leesbook, To Kill A Mockingbird, there are many examples ofracism. The legal barriers to racial equality have been torndown, and racial exclusion from the benefits of society andt he rights of citizenship is no longer nearly total, as it oncewas. But discrimination still limits the opportunities and stiflesthe hopes of many black Americans and other minorities. Inthe realms of housing, employment, medical care, educationand the administration of the criminal justice system, we arestill, as the 1968 Kerner Commission Report on civildisorders warned, two separate Americas. At this moment